Gw Basic Nested Loop Programs
I need nested loop program. I need a GW-BAIC nested loop of for next?? Not GW-Basic but Just Basic. For x = 1 to 5.
A) 0 to 65535 • In how many modes we can operate basic language? A) There are two modes of Basic. 1) Direct Mode 2) Indirect Mode • What is meant by Direct Mode? A) In direct mode, commands and statements are written without line numbers. In this mode Basic acts like a calculator.
INPUT L, W PRINT 'The Perimeter is'; 2 * L + 2 * W END Go ahead and run the program. The computer will respond: This Program computes the perimeter of a rectangle. Please enter the length and width of the rectangle, Separated by commas.?_ and you will see the blinking cursor. Remember that the cursor means the computer is waiting for you to type something in. Go ahead and enter: 7,6 and press the Enter key. The computer will respond: The Perimeter is 26 and you will get the 'Press any key to continue' prompt, meaning that the program is done running. If you were to add program lines (The lines in green) PRINT 'This Program computes the perimeter of a rectangle.'
We'll do a couple of much smaller loops so you can see what is happening. Type this in: FOR OUTER = 1 TO 4 FOR INNER = 1 TO 4 PRINT 'Outer='; OUTER, 'Inner ='; INNER NEXT INNER NEXT OUTER END Now go ahead and run the program. Notice that you get 16 lines?
Beginners Chapter 4 Chapter IV Looping with QBasic To make interesting and efficient programs, you can make QBasic to execute a part of a program more than once. This is called looping, when QBasic goes through a part of a program over and over again. This can be done with the GOTO command, but in QBasic there are some good ways to loop the program. One of them is FOR.NEXT command.
If you are using READ.DATA statements, the only way an operator could change the results is to actually go into the program and change the necessary data. The only problem with that is the program user is not usually the person who wrote the program, so they will have no idea what to change, assuming that the person even knows how to program! What we need is a way for the computer to ask the user for data directly. Would you believe that QBASIC has a function to do just that? It's called the INPUT statement. It would look something like this in a program: INPUT X.
Ans: In GW-BASIC programming Screen statement is used to change the text mode into graphic mode or to change graphic mode into text mode. • Why we use Tab with print statement? Ans: To provide space to right direction in the screen. • When we use dollar sign in gw basic? Ans: Whenever we use any string data we use dollar sign with the variable.
A) Diamond • What is the geometrical name of process box? A) Rectangle • What is the geometrical name of on page connector? A) Circle • What is the geometrical name of off page connector?
A) To load the program form the directory. • What is the use of F4 key in basic? A) To save the program. • How to get the print of source code of basic? A) F1 then F6 • How to get the output of a program on paper?
FOR n = 1 TO 5 FOR m = 1 TO n '*'; NEXT m NEXT n [ ] Works with: VB6 Public OutConsole As Scripting.TextStream For i = 0 To 4 For j = 0 To i OutConsole.Write '*' Next j OutConsole.WriteLine Next i [ ]. Output: + ++ +++ ++++ +++++ [ ] open monad io loop m n n.
Introduced In This Chapter: Keywords: INPUT Concepts: Basic User Interface, Infinite Loops, Stopping a Running Program, Nested Loops, More Math Functions.
• Basic is a high level or low level language? A) It is a high level language • When was Basic developed? A) Basic was developed in 1963. • Who invented Basic? JOHN G KEMERY and DR. THOMAS KURTZ. • What is the range of line number in Basic?
In this particular case, the OUTER loop goes through 100 'cycles', which means the INNER loop is executed 100 times. Each inner loop runs through 100 of its own 'cycles', so some simple multiplication tells us (are you following all of this so far?) that the asterisk is printed a total of 10,000 times! It is printed in 100 sets of 100. In other words, the program prints out 100 '*'s followed by a single '!' It does this 100 times, for a total of 10,000 '*'s and 100 '!' I didn't think so.
Terminal =:(outer) end one 'loop' only: a = '*****'; a a len(x = x + 1). Output:s(a) end. Or just (courtesy of GEP2). Works with: #!/bin/sh # Using a while control construct to emulate a for loop l= '1' # Set the counters to one while [ ' $l' -le 5 ] # Loop while the counter is less than five do m= '1' while [ ' $m' -le ' $l' ] # Loop while the counter is less than five do printf '*' m= ` expr ' $m' + 1 ` # Increment the inner counter done echo l= ` expr ' $l' + 1 ` # Increment the outer counter done The has a for loop, but it requires a list of words to iterate. The command from can output an appropriate list of numbers.
So therefore, the following FOR statement would really mean 'FOR in = 1 to 2'. So that FOR loop will run through twice. The first time 'in' being 1 and the second time 'in' being 2.
No 'quizzes' this time. Instead, practice using some of these new math functions in programs of your own design.
Type in PRINT FIX(4.728) and see what you get. Just the 4, of course. Now let's try the Integer function. Type in PRINT INT(4.728) and what do you have? What's the difference, you ask? Type these in and notice the answers: PRINT FIX(-4.728) PRINT INT(-4.728) AH-HA!! There's the difference!
A) Memory locations that can store characters or string are known as string variable. • Which command is used to generate line numbers automatically? A) AUTO • What is the function of DELETE command in BASIC? A) Deletes program lines.
If you're not sure, check with the manuals that came with your computer. The user must be somewhat careful what he types in response to the question mark for the INPUT statement. First, the number of entries must match the number of variables in the statement, or he will get the 'Redo from Start' message. He will also get this message if he types in any letters (with 2 very specific exceptions - that's in the advanced section) or symbols. For example, fractions cannot be entered.
If you C are actually using FORTRAN 77, you should figure out what your C particular compiler accepts. If you are actually using Fortran C 90 or later, you should replace this line with the commented C line that follows it. 5001 FORMAT (A, $ ) C5001 FORMAT (A, ADVANCE='NO') END. Works with: version 95 and later integer:: i integer, dimension ( 10 ):: v forall (i = 1: size (v ) ) v (i ) = i But if one accepts that a do-loop can be expressed without the actual word 'do' (or 'for'), then DO 1 I = 1, 5 1 WRITE ( 6, * ) ( '*', J = 1,I ) END That is a complete programme, though a more polite source file would have INTEGER I,J. It uses the old-style DO label etc.
We can present the flow of data in visual form with a Flowchart. The following symbols are used in a Flow chart. • What is an Algorithm? Ans: An Algorithm is a finite set of steps which, if followed, accomplish a particular task. • What are logical errors?
It’s a block of comands, where the program doesn’t have to loop a certain number of times, like in FOR.NEXT. It can loop indefinitely, while the condition is met (and when it’s not met, the loop stops), or until the condition is met (so, when it’s met, the loop stops). Condition is basically the same as an argument, for example f.
Do CONTENT while( CONDITIONS ); The WHILE loop goes back to the DO if the conditions are matched. The DO happens without any conditions.:):):).
Ans: Such errors are called Logical Errors that are caused in a program due to improper use of symbols and date or wrong use of formula. • What are Syntax Errors? Ans: Such errors that arise due to limitation of computer are called Syntax Errors.
• What is a Loop? Ans: Loop is a technique to execute a set of statements repeatedly. • What is an array? Ans: Such collection of contiguous memory collections is called array which can store data of same type. • What are reserved words or Key words? Ans: IN GW-BASIC some words have fixed meanings and cannot be used as a variable, such words are called Key Words or reserved Words.
It was bundled with on by Microsoft. Microsoft also sold a BASIC, BASCOM, compatible with GW-BASIC, for programs needing more speed. The language is suitable for simple games, business programs and the like. Since it was included with most versions of MS-DOS, it was also a low-cost way for many aspiring to learn the fundamentals of. With the release of MS-DOS 5.0, GW-BASIC's place was eventually taken by, the interpreter part of the separately available compiler. Contents • • • • • Features [ ] IBM BASICA and GW-BASIC are direct ports of Microsoft's BASIC-80 (also known as MBASIC) designed for 8080/Z80 machines, but with added features specifically for the IBM PC hardware. • 'KindlyRat'.
Archived from on 2005-07-26. Retrieved 2009-11-10. Archived from on 2009-10-26.
3.23 / 1988; 30 years ago ( 1988) Influenced by,, Influenced,, GW-BASIC is a dialect of the developed by from, originally for. It is otherwise identical to Microsoft/, but is a fully self-contained executable and does not need the BASIC.
Output: * ** *** **** ***** Press any key to continue. [ ] FOR n = 1 TO 5 CYCLE FOR k = 1 TO n CYCLE '*'; REPEAT REPEAT [ ] OPENCONSOLE FOR X=1 TO 5 FOR Y=1 TO X LOCATE X,Y:PRINT'*' NEXT Y NEXT X PRINT CLOSECONSOLE END 'Could also have been written the same way as the Creative Basic example, with no LOCATE command. [ ] Unlike some BASICs, Liberty BASIC does not require that the counter variable be specified with 'next'. For i = 1 to 5 for j = 1 to i print '*'; next print next [ ] For i = 1 TO 5 For j = 1 To i TextWindow.Write('*') EndFor TextWindow.WriteLine(') EndFor [ ] If OpenConsole ( ) Define i, j For i = 1 To 5 For j = 1 To i Print ( '*' ) Next j PrintN ( ' ) Next i Print (#LFCR$ + 'Press ENTER to quit' ): Input ( ) CloseConsole ( ) EndIf [ ] FOR i = 1 TO 5 FOR j = 1 TO i PRINT '*'; NEXT j PRINT NEXT i [ ] While some versions of BASIC allow for NEXT without a variable, smart BASIC requires the variable designation.
It could look something like this: MORE: READ A, B LET SUM = A + B PRINT SUM / 2 GOTO MORE DATA 1,3,2,4,57,122,6,-9 END Here is probably how you did the 'Consecutive Products' problem: MORE: READ N O = N + 1 P = N + 2 Q = N + 3 PRINT N * O * P * Q GOTO MORE DATA 9,2,45,54 END On to bigger and better things. Well, on to other things, anyway. The first thing we will learn in this chapter is how to ask the person running the program for information. You probably noticed that up to now, every time time you run a program, you get the same answer(s).
DO.LOOP Imagine that you have a program that works like an ordinary calculator: you enter numbers, QBasic calculates and shows the result, and the program ends. The program may be good, but one problem is that you have to run the program each time you want to calculate! That’s where the handy DO.LOOP comes in.
• List out various Statement names? A) PRINT, INPUT, LET, FOR-NEXT, READ • Statements are characterized in how many ways?
* Loops/For - BXH Algol LOOPFOR CSECT USING LOOPFORC,R12 LR R12,R15 set base register BEGIN LA R2,0 from 1 (from-step=0) LA R4,1 step 1 LA R5,5 to 5 LOOPI BXH R2,R4,ELOOPI for i=1 to 5 (R2=i) LA R8,BUFFER-1 ipx=-1 LA R3,0 from 1 (from-step=0) LA R6,1 step 1 LR R7,R2 to i LOOPJ BXH R3,R6,ELOOPJ for j:=1 to i (R3=j) LA R8,1(R8) ipx=ipx+1 MVI 0(R8),C'*' buffer(ipx)='*' B LOOPJ next j ELOOPJ XPRNT BUFFER,L'BUFFER print buffer B LOOPI next i ELOOPI BR R14 return to caller BUFFER DC CL80' ' buffer YREGS END LOOPFOR. Output: * ** *** **** ***** Structured Macros Structured and without BXH, only one register used by loop. * Loops/For - struct LOOPFOR CSECT USING LOOPFORC,R12 LR R12,R15 set base register LA R2,1 from 1 DO WHILE=(CH,R2,LE,=H'5') for i=1 to 5 (R2=i) LA R8,BUFFER-1 ipx=-1 LA R3,1 from 1 DO WHILE=(CR,R3,LE,R2) for j:=1 to i (R3=j) LA R8,1(R8) ipx=ipx+1 MVI 0(R8),C'*' buffer(ipx)='*' LA R3,1(R3) j=j+1 (step) ENDDO, next j XPRNT BUFFER,L'BUFFER print buffer LA R2,1(R2) i=i+1 (step) ENDDO, next i BR R14 return to caller BUFFER DC CL80' ' buffer YREGS END LOOPFOR.
Nested Loop In Java
It's value is approximately 2.71828 or so. QBASIC operates using natural logarithms and antilogarithms. For example, to print e raised to the fourth power, type PRINT EXP(4) and voila! There's your answer! Integer truncation just chops off anything after the decimal point.
So the following statement would actually be 'FOR in = 1 to 1'. 'in' will equal 1 as well. Next line 'PRINT CHR$(in+64)' This will be the same as 'PRINT CHR$(65)' because 'in' is 1. Now the loops starts back from the top. This time, 'outer' will equal 2.
We jump down to line 5, where a single exclamation point is printed. Then the OUTER variable is incremented, and tested back at line 2. That loop hasn't run out yet, so line 3 gets executed. The INNER loop is re-initialized all over again, and the whole process starts again.
Which would print CHR$(1+64) and CHR$(2+64). And the pattern repeats until 'outer' finally equals 5.
A) WHILE.END • What is nested loop? A) A loop within a loop is known as nested loop.
FOR.NEXT This command allows you to execute a part of a program a certain number of times. It looks like this: FOR i = 1 TO 4 PRINT 'I am looping!' NEXT i This little stupid program will print on the screen: I am looping! I am looping! I am looping!
When the program gets to the INPUT statement, it types a question mark on the screen and waits for the user to type in the requested number. Incidently, you can also have the statement accept more than one variable at a time, just like the READ statement. It would look like this: INPUT A,B,C. When the program gets to this line, the user must enter the three pieces of data, separated by commas.
A) Convert all the print statements to Lprint then press F2. • What is the use of RENUM command? A) To arrange the sequence of line numbers. • What does BASIC means?
Loops/For You are encouraged to according to the task description, using any language you may know. “ For” loops are used to make some block of code be iterated a number of times, setting a variable or parameter to a monotonically increasing integer value for each execution of the block of code. Common extensions of this allow other counting patterns or iterating over abstract structures other than the integers. Task Show how two loops may be nested within each other, with the number of iterations performed by the inner for loop being controlled by the outer for loop. Specifically print out the following pattern by using one for loop nested in another: * ** *** **** ***** Related tasks • • • • • • Loops/For • • • • • • • Reference • Wikipedia. Contents • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • [ ] Basic - Algol style The opcode BXH uses 3 registers, one for index, one for step and one for limit.
I use following block of code to test some conditions in gw-basic program. IF Average >= 80 AND Average = 70 AND Average = 60 AND Average = 50 AND Average = 40 AND Average. IF Average >= 40 AND Average = 80 AND Average = 70 AND Average = 60 AND Average = 50 AND Average = 40 AND Average.
The FIX function just chops off the decimal point and everything after it. The INT function returns the next lower (or more negative) integer. It only makes a difference for negative numbers. Natural logarithm is the inverse of the natural exponentiation discussed above. We'll devote a major chunk of a future chapter to random numbers and their uses.
You can just return the control from that function. Or use the ugly break labels approach:) If there is another code parts after your for statement, you can refactor the loops in a function. IMO the use of breaks and continue should be discouraged in OOP, since they affect the readability and the maintenance. Sure, there are cases where they are handy, but in general I think that we should avoid them, since they will encourage the use of goto style programing. Apparently variations to this questions are posted a lot, Peter provided some good and odd uses using labels.
Enough explaining, let's try it in an actual program, like our perimeter thing. Type this program in: PRINT 'This Program computes the perimeter of a rectangle.' PRINT 'Please enter the length and width of the rectangle,' PRINT 'Separated by commas.'
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Works with: version 77 and later C WARNING: This program is not valid ANSI FORTRAN 77 code. It uses C one nonstandard character on the line labelled 5001.
Here is a simple example (if you want, you can type it in): FOR OUTER = 1 TO 100 FOR INNER = 1 TO 100 PRINT '*'; NEXT INNER PRINT '!' ; NEXT OUTER END What happens? Well, the OUTER loop is initialized in the first line. Then the INNER loop gets initialized in the second line. Line 3 prints out an asterisk, and line feed is suppressed (notice the semicolon). Line 4 increments the INNER variable and re-executes the inner loop. This happens 100 times, and then the INNER loop is done.
A) They are characterized as: 1) Executable 2) Non-executable • Define Constant. A) A quantity in a certain program which does not change its value during the execution of the program is known as constant. • Define String Constant. A) A constant which is used to represent non-numeric quantities such as names, addresses etc is known as string constant.
WRITE ( *, 5000 ) ' 20 CONTINUE STOP 5000 FORMAT (A ) C Standard FORTRAN 77 is completely incapable of completing a C WRITE statement without printing a newline. If you wanted to C write this program in valid F77, you would have to come up with C a creative way of printing varying numbers of asterisks in a C single write statement.
Such as, IF, THEN, NEXT, FOR. • What is the use of REM statement? Ans: We use REM statement to add remarks in our GW-BASIC programs. • What is a Screen statement?
The maximum length of a String Constant is 255 characters. • What is a Direct Mode? Ans: When GW-BASIC is loaded, it shows OK message, it is in Direct Mode. In this mode GW-BASIC commands are executed as they are typed.
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I am looping! The letter i can be any other letter, c for example. It is actually a variable, which changes its value each time the program loops (in this example - from 1 to 4). So, if you make a program like this: FOR a = 1 TO 5 PRINT 'This is loop number'; a NEXT a this will print: This is loop number 1 This is loop number 2 This is loop number 3 This is loop number 4 This is loop number 5 With FOR.NEXT you can use the STEP command, which tells QBasic how to count from one number to another. If you type: FOR j = 0 TO 12 STEP 2 ~ ~ ~ NEXT j it will count by two: 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12 FOR j = 0 TO 6 STEP 1.5 ~ ~ ~ NEXT j This will count: 0, 1.5, 3, 4.5, 6 You can also count backwards: FOR d = 10 TO 1 STEP -1 ~ ~ ~ NEXT d When you want QBasic to count backwards, always put STEP -1 (or -whatever)!